Mamwe magwaro akaisa korona kuna Martha Matilda Harper, uyo akanga ari kutanga Rochester, NY pioneer franchise nokuda kwekukura kwake kweHarper Method Shop franchise system. Asi kunyange zvazvo International Franchise Association yakamuzivisa kuti ndiye franchisor wokutanga mugore ra2000, mugore iro vakasarudzawo Joanne Shaw (Mutungamiri uye Co-Founder weThe Coffee Beanery) seachigaro wavokadzi wekutanga, Mukadzi Harper haasiwo wekutanga franchisor. Musoro wekutanga franchisor muUnited States zvirokwazvo inotangira kusununguka kwedu uye inobatwa na ... Benjamin Franklin.
1891: Marita Matilda Harper Mabhizimisi Ake Wokutanga Franchisee
Harper aiva mushandi webhizimisi anokosha, uye iyo franchise system yaakasika yakagadzira zvakawanda zvezvinhu zvatakauya kutarisira mune zvemazuva ano zvekutengesa franchise system. Akapa mafranchisees nekutanga uye achienderera mberi kudzidziswa, mazita emakwenzi ekuchengetedza bvudzi, kushanyira masikati, kushambadzira, inshuwarisi yeboka, nekukurudzira.
Nzira yake yekukudziridza hurongwa hwekutsigira mari dzake uye kuisa mazita ake maroni ndiyo chikamu chinokosha chekutengesa nhasi.
Mukadzi Harper akatanga bhizimusi rake muna 1888, akabvumirana nekodzero yake yokutanga muna 1891, uye akakura urongwa huri kune 500 salons uye zvikoro zvekudzidzisa pachikwiriso chake. Zvichitevera kusunungurwa kwake uye rufu muna 1950 pazera remakore 93, uye mushure mokunge murume wake afa muna 1965, Harper Method Shops yakawanikwa muna 1972 nemupikisano uye pakupedzisira yakavharwa.
Ms. Centa Sailer, ane salon yaiva muRochester, NY, aiva neHalper Method yokupedzisira yakasara: anonyanya kuzivikanwa nevamwe vaisanganisira Susan B. Anthony, Jacqueline Kennedy, Helen Hayes, nevamwe varume nevakadzi vakawanda vane simba panguva.
1731: Benjamin Franklin Anotora "Co-Partnership"
Kunyange zvazvo technically United States yakanga isati yaberekwa, franritor yokutanga mune izvo zvaizova United States inoratidzika kuva imwe yemadzitateguru edu anoyevedza uye anovandudza: Benjamin Franklin. Zvinyorwa zvake zvinowanzozivikanwa zvinowanzobatanidza mheni inopenya, kushambira fins, mabirasi e-bifocal, odometer, nguva yekuchengetedza masikati, Franklin Stove, chigaro cheraibhurari chakashandurwa kuva danho rekufamba, uye catheter inoshandiswa (ini handidi kuziva zvavari yakashandiswa kare). Akagadzirawo chiridzwa chemimhanzi muna 1761 ainzi Glass Armonica, iyo iyo Beethoven naMoartart vose vakanyora mimhanzi. Akatipa kunzwisisa kwedu kwekutanga pamusoro pezvinhu zvemagetsi, yakatangira chipatara chekutanga, iyo yakaratidza kutengesa kweAtlantic Ocean, yakanyorwa neAlbania Plan, yakanyora pamwe neChishodzo cheUndendene, uye nenzira yakati yakawanawo nguva yekusika izvo zvingangodaro kutanga franchise system pamhenderekedzo idzi.
Musi waSeptember 13, 1731, muguta rePhiladelphia, Benjamin Franklin akapinda mubvumirano naTombert Whitmarsh nokuda kwe "Co-ushamwari hwekuita kweBusiness Printing muCharlestown muSouth Carolina." Shanduro yekudhinda iyo Franklin yakaumbwa ne Whitmarsh akabudisawo South-Carolina Gazette uyewo kuva wepanzvimbo yekunyorera yezvinyorwa zvizhinji zveFranklin, kusanganisira yake Poor Richard's Almanac.
Chibvumirano chebvumirano chekubatana chinodikanwa kuti panguva yemakore matanhatu emakore "Bhizinesi rekudhinda nekuraira kweBasa Rakadhindwa richava pasi peKutarisira, Kutungamirirwa, uye Kutungamirirwa kwaThomas Whitmarsh uye Chikamu chekushanda chakaitwa naye kana pamari yake "Whitmarsh aifanirawo kutenga zvinyorwa zvake kubva kuFranklin:" Thomas Whitmarsh haazoiti panguva yeCob-cooperative inotaurwa pamusoro pezvimwe zvinhu zvinyorwa zvinyorwa kupfuura izvo zviri zveainzi Benjamin Franklin. "Whitmarsh akabvuma -kusangana kwekuti haazove mune rimwe bhizinesi kunze kwekudhinda, "... kana kutevera chero Bhizimisi rimwe chete asi kubudisa mukati meChiratidzo, pane imwe nguva Merch kubatsira kunze." Chibvumirano hachina kuisa chimwe chezvirevo izvi paFranklin, iyo yaikosha kana Franklin aifanira kupinda maitiro akafanana kune dzimwe nzvimbo.
Munguva iyi Franklin aiva Postmaster General weColonies, achiita kuti iye atonge, kusvika pamwero mukuru, kuparadzirwa kwemashoko muColonies yose. Kubva pane iyo nzvimbo ye simba, Franklin akapinda muhukama pamwe chete nevamwe vashanduri muColonies, kusanganisira Louis Timothé (1733), Elizabeth Timothy (Timothee), Louis 'chirikadzi (1739), Peter Timothy (Timothee), mwanakomana waErizabheti (1747) ), James Parker (New York), Thomas Smith (Antigua), Benjamin Mecom (Antigua), James Franklin Jr uye Ann Franklin (Newport, RI), William Dunlap (Lancaster, PA), Samuel Holland (Lancaster, PA), John Henry Miller (Lancaster, PA) naTomot Fleet (Boston, MA), avo vakabudisa Boston Evening Post . Franklin akagadza mamwe mahedheni kuNorth Carolina, Georgia, Dominica, uye Kingston, Jamaica. Ikoko kunewo mabhuku eFranklin anopinda muzvirongwa zvakafanana muCanada neBrithani mumakore ake akazotevera.
Munguva yekugara kwake kwenguva refu kuFrance apo akakurukura kutaurirana neFrance muHondo Yedu yeIndendence, chikamu chikuru chemari yaFranklin yakabva pamaketani ake akasungirirwa ekudhinda mabhuku. Pasina vaFrance, hapana mubvunzo kuti hakuzovi neUnited States nhasi; uye pasina mari iyo Franklin yakagamuchira kubva pakubhadhara uye yakamutsigira kwemakore akawanda, nharo inogona kuitwa kuti pangadai isina kuve United States.
Franklin akanga asiri oga pakushandisa kutengesa sezvo nyika yedu yakakura. Pane zvakawanda zvinotaurwa mumakore ekutanga emabhizimisi eAmerica pamusoro pehurumende hurumende uye hukama hwebhizimisi hwepakutanga hunoita kunge hwakafanana nehuwandu hwemazuva ano hwekutengeserana. Izvi zvinosanganisira kurairirwa kwaRobert Fulton wea steamboats muUnited States, England, Russia, neIndia, uye kubvumirwa kwemahofisi evanhu vakawanda pamashure ehondo uye mamwe mazimiti akatengesa mombe nezvimwe zvinhu izvo nzvimbo imwe chete kana dzimwe kodzero dzakapiwa.
Kuchitsvaga muAntique
Muhupenyu hwavo hwose hwakareba, mitsara mitatu yakakonzera kukura kwekutengesa:
- Chido chekuwedzera nekudzivirira
- Kukanganisa kwevanhu uye mari yemari
- Chido chekukunda mararamiro makuru
Kushandiswa kwekutengesa kunogona kuenzaniswa nekuwedzera kwechechi uye senzira yekutanga yekutonga kwehurumende, zvichida zvisati zvaitika kuMiddle Ages. Vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika vakanyora kuti kutengesa kunogona kudzokera shure kuHumambo hweRoma kana kuti mberi, kufunga kwakanaka kwakapiwa kudiwa kwemasango makuru ekutonga pamwe nekushaikwa kwekutakura kwemazuva ano uye kutaurirana. Mubhuku rake rinonzi Franchising: The How-To Book , Lloyd Tarbutton inotanga bhizimisi rekutanga rebhizimisi kuChina muna 200 BC.
Kutengesa uye Kutonga
Kutengesa kwaishandiswa muEngland neEurope apo nyika dzaiva neChinyorwa nedzimwe nzvimbo uye dzakapiwa kodzero dzepasi kune vanhu vane simba kusanganisira muchechi. Mukutsinhanisa nekuda kwezvipo izvi, nyika nevakuru vakuru vechechi vaifanira kudzivirira nharaunda kuburikidza nekugadzira mauto uye vakasununguka kugadzirisa mahara uye kugadzirisa uye kuunganidza mitero, chikamu chacho chakabhadharwa kuMutungamiriri. Sezvo zvaiva hurumende, kutonga pamusoro penyika kwakapa simba guru uye yaiva nheyo yehurumende yepamusoro apo vatongi vaibhadhara mitero kune Crown yekodzero yekuva yavo uye kushanda iyo nyika, pamwe chete nemamwe mabasa ehupfumi nekutengeserana. Uyezve, vakuru vacho vakapatsanura nyika pakati pevarimi vemunharaunda kana vashandi, avo vaibhadhara chikwereti ichocho kazhinji sechikamu chemichero yavakakura kana mhuka dzavakavhima. Iri sangano rehurumende raitonga raivapo muEngland kusvikira rainge risina kubvumirwa kuChristian Trent muna 1562.
Hurumende -Franchising Inobhadharwa neColonialism
Nemikana yehupfumi inowanikwa nekuwanikwa kweNyika Itsva muna 1492, pamwe chete nemakambani ekubuda munyika dzakawanda, hurumende nemakambani epachivande vanoshandiswa kubhadhara kuwedzera nekuita zvekutonga pamharaunda huru, kunyanya muAsia neAfrica.
Iko yakagadzwa muna 1602 sechiremba weDutch Republic kuti aite zvekutengesa pakati peCape of Good Hope kumaodzanyemba kweAfrica, uye Straits of Magellan kumucheto kumaodzanyemba kweSouth America. Nzvimbo yekambani iyi yaive yakakosha pamasangano emamiriyoni 6.5 panguva iyoyo. Vachiita semasimba masimba, vakamanikidza kumabvazuva kubva kuCape Town kuenda kune zvino yava Indonesia, vachikunda nyika kubva kuPutukezi uye vachigadzirisa dzimbahwe muJakarta muna 1619 senheyo yekutengeserana neJapane.
Muna 1641 Dhamasiko yeDutch East India yakarwisa kuBrithani kuedza kupindira mumabasa ezvinonhuwira ndokuenda kumadokero kunotsvaga Nyika Itsva. Iyo kambani yakaita basa raCaptain Henry Hudson, aimbova mushandi weChirungu Muscovy Company, franchisee weBritain Government. Kuwanikwa kwaHudson kweNortheast Passage kwakapa vaDutch zvido zvavo pamusoro peHudson Valley nechekumusoro kweNew York kusvika kuAlbany. Asi nehupfumi hwema1799 dzakanga dzashandura Dhamasiko East India Company uye vakadanira kubhadhara; zvinhu zvavo zvose zvakatorwa neDutch Republic.
Muna 1606, King James I weEngland akapa mharidzo yakakwana yeVirginia kuLondon Company , iyo yakashandira Captain Christopher Newport kuunza vatorwa kuVirginia uye kugadzirisa nzvimbo yacho. Vakabva nechikepe kubva kuLondon munaDecember 1606 uye vakagadzika musi waApril 26, 1607. Captain John Smith akabudirira kuna Captain Newport mukutarisa wekutanga kugara kweBritish muNew World, iyo yainzi Jamestown. Nzvimbo yacho yakarwa uye, kunyange zvazvo Jamestown pachayo yakaponeswa mukuurayiwa kwe1622 kwakatungamirirwa nePowhatan Indian Confederacy, vanhu 347 vaigara munzvimbo dzakapoteredza vakaurawa - inenge chikamu chetatu chevanhu vanotaura Chirungu. Kubhadhara kusakanganiswa neLondon Company, muna 1624 King James I akadzora mutemo ndokuunza Colony yeVirginia pasi pekutonga kweBrithani zvakananga. Zvakawanda zvekoloni nekutsvakurudza nemaBritish nemaEurope muNyika Itsva zvakaitwa pasi pe "'ukama hwechirano.'
Mhemberero dzeFranchising Commercial
Kutengeserana kwebhizimisi kwakatanga muzana remakore rechi18 reLondon, apo bhizimisi yekudhakira yakashandisa "imba yakasungirirwa" kuti iite nzvimbo yakaderera yekugovera yezvigadzirwa zvayo. Mukutsinhanisa rubatsiro rwemari kubva kune mabhizimisi, vadzidzisi vekutengesa vanobvumirana kutenga zvose doro ravo uye ale kubva kune mabhizimisi ekutsigira. Izvo zvipfeko hazvina kushandisa chero masimba ekuita mabasa ezuva nezuva emitambo yekutakura kunze kwekutenga chete kwekugadzirira. I "imba yakasungirirwa" inoenderera mberi nhasi mu UK uye yakafanana nekambani-sangano revashandisi yakashandiswa naBenjamin Franklin muColonies; iyo yakafananawo neChechi kana Bhuku uye Bhizinesi reZita Rokutengeserana franchising muUnited States nhasi.
Kutakura Kwekufambira Mberi Kwekudya Franchising
Pakazosvika pakati pemakore ekuma1800, kuwedzera kwezvitima uye kuwedzera kwevanhu vekuAmerica kwakafambisa kugadzirwa kwezvokudya zvezvitoro. Mumwe mutauro weChirungu anonzi Frederick Henry Harvey akatanga nheyo yekutanga yekudyara muUnited States munenge muna 1850. Kunyange zvazvo yokutanga yekutoro yakakundikana panguva yeHondo Yenyika, Harvey akazarura misha yekutamba yeHarvey House muna 1876 mune imwe mishonga yeAtchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. Gwara racho raida kuzarura maresitorendi emahotera evanhu, uye rakapa Harvey nzvimbo nekutakura kwekutengesa kwezvokudya. Pakazosvika 1887, paiva neresitorendi yeHarvey House makiromita mazana mapfumbamwe parutivi rweAkison-tanga-makiromita 12 000, Topeka, & Santa Fe mutsara. Harvey aitenda zvakasimba muhutano hwakanaka, akagadziriswa kushanyira maresitorendi ake, uye akapa maitiro akafanana neaya anoshandiswa mazuva ano nevatengesi. Huru yeHarvey House yaiva yekambani, asi zvizhinji zvezvidzidzo zvakawanikwa naHarvey zvakava chikamu chetsika yehurumende yepamutemo yatinoziva nhasi.
Pakutanga kwezana remakore, mari yakakura yekuendesa chigadzirwa chakapedzwa mugirazi mabhodhoro yakachengetedza zvinonwiwa zvinonwiwa zvinoshandiswa mune imwe nzvimbo. Nekutumira sirasi inowedzera kumafranisi ayo, uye ichida kuti franchise dzomunharaunda dzipfeke pasi pemafomu akaoma uye maitiro, vashandi vanonwiwa zvinodhaka seCoca Cola vakakwanisa kudzora kunaka kwechigadzirwa chavo mumakona ari kure uye kukura nokukurumidza kunze kwehuwandu huno hutungamiri hwekambani angadai aida. Franchisees akawana kodzero kushandisa shanduko yeKoca-Cola uye zita rinokosha rekutengeserana, uye mabhota akakwanisa kukurira nhau dzekutakura dzaivapo kusvikira panguva iyo dzakatadzisa kukura kwavo. Muna 1901, Coca-Cola yakabudisa chikwata chake chekutanga kuGeorgia Coca-Cola Bottling Company.
Mushure meHondo Yenyika I, kufambisa kwemotokari kwakafuridzira imwe kudya innovation: iyo motokari-muchitoro. Muna 1919 Roy Allen akatenga chimiro chemidziyo yake yewaini kubva kune mumwe wemishonga uye akazarura chigaro chake chokutanga muLodi, California. Makore maviri gare gare Allen akatanga kutengesa mudziyo wake, uye akabatanidzwa nemudziri waiti Frank Wright, achibatanidza matarenda avo (uye initials) kutanga kutanga A & W Root Beer muna 1922.
Muna 1923, Allen naWright vakazarura yekutanga A & W motokari-muresitorendi, vachiumba rudzi rwekutanga rwenzira yekutengesa kumigwagwa yomugwagwa. Needing huwandu hwekuwedzera, Allen akatenga Frank Frank muna 1924 ndokutanga kutengesa pfungwa yeA & W Restaurant . A & W Zvokudya zvakapa mhando yemotokari-service yakapiwa ne "tray-boys," uye gare gare yakawedzera mavharidzi evakadzi kana "mavhoti" pamagetsi ekudzidzira.
Kupa basa rekuvhara uye humburger itsva inogadzirwa pamusoro peeion, Billy Ingram naWalter Anderson vakavhura White Castle yavo yokutanga motokari-thru muna 1921 muWichita, Kansas. White Castle yakatanga miitiro yakawanda yebasa rekutsvaga-reshizha rekudya, kunyanya mukushandiswa kwavo kwekutengesa uye kutengesa kushambadzira, kutora zvigadziro kuitira kuchengetedza zvokudya zvakasviba, uye mapepa akaiswa pamapepa.
Uyewo mumakore ekuma1920, Howard Dearing Johnson akawana pharmacy muQuincy, Massachusetts uye akatanga kutengesa zvitatu zveakisiki pamwe chete nemuchina wezvokubika muHoward Johnson . Howard Johnson akapa chikwereti chekutanga kuna Reginald Sprague muna 1935, uye kwemakore akapfuura akawedzera mapepa ayo kuti aise 28 zvinonaka zve ice cream. Kuvandudza kuvapo kwepamberi pemugwagwa nemapuranga emarangi uye pylon zviratidzo zvine zita uye logo, kambani yakachengetedza chibvumirano chekutanga chePennsylvania Turnpike.
Zvizhinji zvemaketani zvakakanganiswa zvakatengesa zvakatanga kushandiswa kwechikwata pamakore makumi matatu anotevera, kusanganisira Kentucky Fried Chicken (1930); Carvel (1934); Arthur Murray Dance Studio (1938); Dairy Queen (1940); Duraclean (1943); Dunkin Donuts (1950); Burger King (1954); McDonald's (1955); uye The International House of Pancakes (1958). Nhau dzepfungwa idzi dzokutanga dzekupayona dzakange dziri hwaro hwemabhuku mazhinji pamusoro pemakore, uye zvidzidzo zvakawanikwa zvinowanikwa mune zvakawanda zvekudya zveketani dzakakutevera.
Kunyange zvazvo hutsva hwemapiyona ekutanga eparesitorendi achiri kukonzera kutengesa nhasi, ndiyo yaiva yemabhizimisi emabhizimisi muma1900 uye kufamba kwevanhu vari kukura vakagadzira mukana uye chido chekutanga kwezvokudya zvekutengesa kukura.
Zvinhu Zvakagadzirwa Nebasa Franchising
Mafambisi ekutanga asati ari kudya aiva ukama umo vataki vaisimudzira mabhizimisi ekutengesa uye nzvimbo dzebasa zvezvinhu zvavo zvakagadzirwa kuburikidza nekutengesa. Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa muCcCormack Harvesting Machine Company , kune imwe nguva muHarper Method saroni, uye gare gare mumotokari yemotokari nemafuta.
IAmerican Industrial Revolution yakaunza kugadzirwa kukuru kwezvinhu zvekutengesa, zvichiita kuti vatengi vatsvake pamwe nekudiwa kwekutengesa uye kugovera zvikwereti zvakanaka uye zvinodhura pamakiromita akawanda. Nzira dzakawanda dzekutengesa uye kuparadzirwa dzakanga dzaedzwa pamberi pokutengesa, kusanganisira zvakashambadzirwa zvekutengeserana kwemafekitari, kutengesa kuburikidza nenzvimbo dzisingazivikanwi dzakadai semasitomita, tsamba dzekunyorera, uye vatengesi vanofamba. Kunyange zvazvo nzira idzi dzose dzainge dzisina kukwana kuti dziwanikwe kudarika kwekudyidzana kwevanoda vevakiki, kushandiswa kwevamiririri vekutengesa kunharaunda kwakaratidza kuti inoshanda. Sangano re Singer Sewing Machine, asi risina kukwaniswa, rakashandisa nzira yekutonga kwepakati mukati mahofisi ane kambani kuitira kuti iite sekuti nzvimbo imwe neimwe yaive neyemutungamiriri wepamba.
Vazhinji vepakutanga vafranki vaiva vadziki; vamwe, saHarper Method uye Rexall, vainyanya kushanda-based systems. Muna 1902, Louis Liggett akaita sangano rekudyidzana pakati pezvitoro makumi mana makumi mana zvakasununguka, imwe neimwe inokwereta $ 4,000 kutanga kushandiswa kwekugadzira kwekambani yeRexall Drug Store . Mushure meHondo Yenyika I, mushandirapamwe weRexall akatanga kutengesa zvigaro zvekutengeserana zviri pasi pezita reRexall rekutengeserana, kupa zvivigirisi zvinonzi branded Rexall zvigadzirwa. Basa guru rakapiwa naRexall sechirwerere ndiro rakakwanisa kugadzirisa uye kugovera zvikodzero zvekutengesa, zvisingaiti iko kukwanisa kutengesa mhizha-yakagadzirwa.
General Motors akatengesa franchise yake yokutanga muna 1898 kuna William E. Metzger weDetroit. Ford Motorcars yakatanga kutengeswa kuburikidza nevatengesi muna 1903. Nokusarudza franchisees nekuvapa nzvimbo dzakakwana, vatengesi vezvinhu zvakaoma seGeneral Motors uye Ford vakakwanisa kuunza zvigadzirwa zvavo kutengesa zvakanaka, zvakanaka, uye kupfuura kwenguva refu. Makambani eOiri akakurumidza kutevera, achigadzira zvivako zvegasi zvinokonzerwa neUnited States kuti ashumire nhamba inowedzera nokukurumidza yemotokari inopisa mukati. Hertz akatanga kubhadhara motokari yemotokari muna 1925; Avis muna 1946.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinoshamisa zvikuru mukushambadzira kwakauya muna 1909 nekugadzwa kweFrancis Supply Company franchise. Kusvikira panguva iyoyo, franchises yezvigadzirwa zvakatsvaga franchisees nedzimwe ruzivo ruzivo uye, kunze kwekugoverwa kwe branded product, haina kupa chero ipi zvayo inobatsira-yehupfumi hwehutano. Kunyange zvazvo vachiri kuvimba nekunaka kwechigadzirwa chekutengeserana kune zvikwereti kune zvekutengesa pane zvekubhadhara mari pane zvekutengesa, Western Auto, yakafanana naHarper, yakapa zvikwereti zvayo nemazhinji emishandisirwo mamwechete ayo mazuva ano vanoburitsa mazano vanopa nhasi: kusarudza nzvimbo nekusimudzira, kudzidzira zvekutengesa, kushambadzira, kutengesa rubatsiro, uye mamwe mabasa anoramba achienderera mberi. Western Auto zvakare yakatsvaga franchisees pasina ruzivo rwemabhizimisi, sekuwanda kwevafranchisori vanoita nhasi.
The Post-World War II Franchising Boom
Kunyange zvazvo kutengesa kwenyika kuchikura zvishoma mberi kweHondo Yenyika II, kukura kwechokwadi kwakanyanya kusati kwaitika kusvikira mushure mokunge hondo yapera. Kutengesa kwakabuda semasimba ehurumende simba rezvematongerwo enyika mushure mehondo yemakore makumi mashanu, kushandisa zvinyorwa zvinotengeswa nevashambadziri, mari inowanikwa, maonero ekudzoka kune veterans, uye mari inopiwa nekuparadzanisa kubhadhara uye GI Bill. Kukura kwekutengesa kwaipfuurira mberi kuburikidza nekugadzwa kwe1946 kweGeral Lanham (Trademark) Act iyo yakaita kuti vadzidzisi veminda vagone kupinda muzvikwereti kune vamwe vatatu - zvakakosha kwekutengesa kwemazuva ano. Pane imwe nguva vashandi vezvemabhizimisi vanogona kuva nechivimbo mukurairirwa kwezvinhu zvepfungwa, vanhu vakawanda vakatanga kupa nekutsvaga mukutengesa mikana.
Muma1950 nema1960, kuburitswa kwekutsvaga kwakagadziriswa chikafu chinenge chisingaoneki. VaFranchisors vezvinhu zviri nyore uye maitirwo akakura muUnited States yose, kusanganisira motokari aftermarket ( Midas Muffler naLee Myles ), hoteli (Holiday Inn neSheraton ), ice cream uye kubata ( Dairy Queen , Tastee Freeze uye Orange Julius ), nzvimbo dzekutengesa ( 7-Eleven ), unyanzvi ( Roto-Rooter ), unyanzvi hwebasa ( Dunhill Personnel , Pearle Vision neH & R Block ), uye yekuchenesa uye kushamba zvakaoma ( Martinizing Dry Cleaning ).
Richard naMaurice McDonald vakatanga kutengesa muna 1952, vachitengesa mari yavo yokutanga kuNeil Fox, mukuru weGeneral Petroleum uyo anokwidziridzwa muPoenix, Arizona yakavhurwa muna 1953. Mutambo wavo wechipiri waiva shamwari Roger Williams uye "Bud" Landon, uyo akazarura Downy, California nzvimbo yacho zvakare muna 1953. Kubvira muna 1954, Ray Kroc akapa mvumo kodzero dzekutengesa kodzero dzeModdaldald kunze kweimwe misika muCalifornia neArizona kubva kuhama dzaMcDonald vachichinjana ½ pa1% yekutengesa zvakashata, uye yakaumba McDonald's Corporation. Pakazosvika 1958, kunze kwehama dzeMcDonald's yekudyara uye zvekutengeserana, paiva nemabhuku makumi matatu eEll McDonald's. Pakupera kwa19199, ketani yakanga yakura kusvika makumi mapfumbamwe ekudyira. Ray Kroc akatenga hama dzaMcDonald muna 1961. Pakazosvika 1965, apo yakazobuda pachena, pane nzvimbo 1000. Nzvimbo yakavhurwa musi iwoyo pa22 ½, yakavhara musi we30, ikavhara mwedzi wokutanga pa50. Munguva yemakore gumi, Midate Muffler waNate Sherman akakura kusvika kune mazana mana, Kemmons Wilson's Holiday Inn yakakura kusvika munzvimbo 1000, uye Mari YeJules Lederer Imba A Car yakavhura franchise yavo 500th.
Uku kukura nokukurumidza kwekutengesa kusauya pasina matambudziko. Nenguva yekupedzisira yema1960, kuputika kwainge kwasiya rose: vazhinji vafranchisori vainyanya kufunga nezvekutengesa franchise kupfuura pakushanda maitiro ehurumende yekutengesa uye kupa zvipatisi kune mari yavo. VaFranchisor vakawanda munguva iyoyo vakaratidza kusavhiringidza muzvivimbiso zvavakashandisa kutora franchisees; vamwe vakatengesa kushambadzira kwavo pamusoro pekushandiswa kwemazita ekurumbira uye zvibvumirano; uye vazhinji vezvikwereti zvehurumende zvakakundikana. Vamwe vakatotengesa franchises nokuda kwemazwi asina kumbovapo.
Franchise Mitemo uye FTC Rule
Kunze kwezvinetso zvema50, 60s, uye 70s, mitemo yefranchise yakatanga kubuda. Kutanga muna 1968 nekugadziriswa kwekuzivisa mitemo muCalifornia, nyika dzakasiyana-siyana dzakagadza mitemo inoronga kupa uye kutengeswa kwefranchises. Kazhinji, mitemo iyi yaida kuti mutengesi aende kune anokwanisa kutenga franchisee, isati yatengeswa, rugwaro rwekuzivisa runopa ruzivo rwakananga pamusoro pekana. Izvo zvakanga zvisiri kusvika muzhizha ra1979 apo United States Federal Trade Commission yakabudisa Federal Trade Commission Trade Regulation Rule paFranchises uye Bhizimusi Opportunity Ventures (iyo FTC Rule), iyo yaida kuti vashandi vehurumende muUnited States vagadzirire kutanga kutengesa kupa uye kusimbisa zvishoma zvido zvekuzarura muUnited States.
Kuburikidza kwekutengeswa kusati kwashambadzira mutemo ndeimwe yezvikonzero zvakakosha zvekubudirira kwekutengesa muUnited States. Nepo kune huri kukakavadzana muhukama hwekutsvaga, uye zvichida nguva dzose ichava, iyo nyaya dzinowanikwa pakati pevashandi vehurumende nevanotengesa mari ikozvino inonyanya kushandiswa pakuchengetedza ukama, uye zvishoma pamusoro pekuti kutengesa kwakapiwa sei.
Kuchengeta nzira yekutengesa kunoratidza musiyano pakati penhau nekushanduka. Nhoroondo ndeye zvinyorwa zvezvakaitika kare uye hazvisipo. Evhangeri ndeyekutsvaga kwechiitiko chinoramba chichienderera mberi chakaramba chichishandura kwemakore uye chinoramba chichishandura maitiro ayo aripo uye yeramangwana. Hapana munhu anogona kusava nechokwadi kuti kushanduka kwekutengesa kune imwe nzvimbo kwave kuriwo kuchinja kwechokwadi kwemazano, mabhizimusi pfungwa, uye zvose zvehupfumi.
Kushanduka kwemazuva ano kupera, kwakasikwa nemakambani matsva uye mapiyona akavatungamirira, inhau inonakidza pachayo. Ramangwana, rakagamuchirwa nemafungiro matsva asina kufungidzirwa, maitiro matsva emabhizimisi, nekuwedzera kwenyika dzose, anovimbisa kuwedzera zvimwe zvinyorwa zvine simba kuenderera mberi nekukura kwekuda kwekutengesa.
Chimwe chekuvhara chinyorwa pane ramangwana, zvakadaro. Muna The Demolition Man, bhadhiyo yakabudiswa muna 1993, Sylvester Stallone, inomutsa pakati pezana remakore rechi21 kubva pakubata kwegyogenic uye inotorwa kune "yekutengesa yakanaka" yekudya kwemanheru. Sezvo motokari iri kutasva inokwira kuresitorendi, kamera inoratidza chiratidzo chinoti - Taco Bell. Stallone unhu hwake, chibereko chema1980, anoshamisika uye anobvunza, "Taco Bell, ndaifunga kuti tiri kuenda kune imwe nzvimbo yekutora. Ndicho kukanganisa here?" Iyo mutyairi wake anopindura achiti, "Kwete zvachose. Sezvo kutengesa kukuru kwehondo, nzvimbo dzose dzekutengesa ikozvino Taco Bell."