Incoterms inongedzo yekutengesa mashoko anoshandiswa munyika yose
Nhanganyaya
Mamwe mazita emabhizimisi emagetsi kana Incoterms ndezveruzhinji rwemashoko ekutengesa anoshandiswa nemabhizimisi munyika yose. Incoterms inoshandiswa kuita kutengeserana kwenyika dzakawanda nyore. Kunyange zvazvo Incoterms ari mazwi anowanzoshandiswa mukutengeserana kwenyika yose nekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, zvinoshamisa zvikuru-kana zvisina kudiwa - kuti vadzidzisi vemabhizimisi vaduku vazive.
Inoshandiswa kugovera mari yekutengeserana uye mabasa pakati pevatengi uye vatengesi.
Incoterms yakatangwa muna 1936 uye yakagadziridzwa katanhatu kuratidzira zviitiko zvekutengeserana kwenyika dzakawanda.
Kune zvitatu zvinonzi Incoterms zvinoshandiswa nemabhizimusi - makuru uye maduku - uye izvi gumi nezvitatu zvinonzi Incoterms zvinoshandiswa mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakasiyana.
Kubva
- EXW zvinoreva Ex Works uye inoteverwa nenzvimbo inonzi zita, muenzaniso EXW Dallas. EXW zvinoreva mutengesi mutoro ndekuita kuti zvinhu zviwanikwe kune nzvimbo yevatengesi. Mutengesi haasi mutoro wekutakura zvinhu pamotokari inopiwa nemutengi, uyo anobva atakura mari yakazara inobatanidzwa kubva kuendesa zvinhu kubva ikoko kuenda kunzvimbo yaunoda.
Main Carriage Haibhadharwi Nomutengesi
FCA zvinoreva Free Carrier uye inoteverwa nenzvimbo inonzi yainzi, seC FCA Brownsville. FCA inoreva kuti mutengesi anozadzisa zvaanosungirwa kuti atore apo paakaisa zvinhu, akacheneswa kutengeserana, mumutoro wevatakuri vanonzi nomutengi panzvimbo iyo inonzi yakanzi. Kana pasina chaicho chinonyatsoratidzwa nemutengi, mutengesi angasarudza munzvimbo iyo kana muganhu unotarirwa apo anotakura achatora nhumbi yacho mumutoro wayo
FAS zvinoreva Kusununguka Pakati peShip uye inoteverwa nedzimwe nzvimbo inonzi port of shipment, somuenzaniso FAS New York. FAS inoreva kuti mutengesi ndiye ane mhosva yekutakura uye kutakura zvinhu pamwe chete nemudziyo muchiteshi munyika yake. Sezvo mutengi ane mutoro wekutengeserana kwekutsvaga, haisi yekuti incoterm inoshanda yeZimbabwe inotengeswa kunze. FAS inofanira kushandiswa chete nokuda kwekutengeswa kwegungwa kubvira pangozi uye mutoro unoshandiswa kubva kune mutengesi kune mutengi kana zvigadzirwa zvichisvike mukati memusviki wechikepe chechikepe
- FOB inoreva Free On Board uye inoteverwa neyo zita rinonzi port of shipment, somuenzaniso FOB Baltimore. NeFOB zvigadziro zviri kuiswa muchikepe nemutengesi pachiteshi chekutengesa chinonzi chibvumirano chekutengesa. Dambudziko rekurasikirwa kana kukanganisa kwezvinhu zvakatengeswa kumutengesi kana zvipfeko zvipfuura tareti yechipfuva, kureva kubva pachikwata ndokuiswa pachikepe. Mutengesi anounza mari yekutengesa zvinhu.
Main Carriage Inobhadharwa Nomutengesi
CFR zvinoreva Mari uye Freight uye inoteverwa nedzimwe nzvimbo inonzi port of destination, sekuda CFR Sydney. CFR inoda kuti mutengesi abhadhara mari uye kutakura zvinotarisirwa kuunza zvinhu kune iyo inonzi yaenda, asi ngozi yekurasikirwa kana kukanganisa kwezvinhu, pamwe chete nemari ipi zvayo inowedzera, inotamirwa kubva kune mutengesi kune mutengi apo zvinhu zvichitopfuura chikepe chechikepe muchiteshi chekutengesa. Inishuwarenzi ndiwo mutoro wemutengesi
CIF zvinoreva Mari, Inishuwarenzi uye Freight uye inoteverwa nedzimwe nzvimbo inonzi port of destination, somuenzaniso CIF Miami. CIF yakafanana neCFR pamwe nezvimwe zvinoda kuti mutengesi atenge inshuwarisi pamusoro pengozi yekurasikirwa kana kukuvara kwezvinhu. Mutengesi anofanira kuripa premium. Inishuwarenzi inokosha mukuendesa kwenyika dzose , kupfuura kutumira kwekuAmerica, nokuti mitemo yeUnited States inowanzobatisa mutoro wega wega wekutakura zvinhu zvakarasika kana zvakaparadzwa
CPT zvinoreva Kutakurwa Kubhadharwa uye inoteverwa nenzvimbo inonzi yaenda kune imwe nzvimbo, somuenzaniso CPT Kansas City. CPT zvinoreva kuti mutengesi anofanira kubhadhara mutoro wekutakura kwezvinhu kune iyo inonzi yaenda. Dambudziko rekurasikirwa kana kukanganisa kwezvinhu uye chero mari inowedzera inotengeswa kubva kune mutengesi kune mutengi kana zvigadzirwa zvave zvichisvitsa kuchengetwa kune anotakura wekutanga, uye kwete pachiteshi chechikepe
- CIP zvinoreva Kutakura uye Inishuwarensi Inobhadharwa Kuenda uye inoteverwa nenzvimbo inonzi inzvimbo yekuenda, somuenzaniso CIP Boston. CIP ineyocheteyo incoterm inoreva seCPT, asi kuwedzera mutengesi anokweretesa inshuwarisi pakurasikirwa kwekukuvara.
Kusvika
DAF zvinoreva Kununurwa Pamberi uye inoteverwa nenzvimbo inonzi yainzi, DAF El Paso. DAF inoreva kuti mutoro wemutengesi wacho wakakwana kana zvinhu zvasvika pamuganhu asi isati yasvika kumuganhu wetsika wenyika inodanwa musangano rekutengesa. Uyu mutengi ndiye ane mhosva yekutengesa kwezvinhu kuti abvise tsika
DES zvinoreva Kununurwa Ex Ship uye inoteverwa nedzimwe nzvimbo inonzi port of destination, somuenzaniso DES Vancouver. DES inoreva kuti mutengesi achaita kuti zvinhu zviwanikwe kune mutengi ari muchikepe panzvimbo inonzi inotengeserana. Mutengo wekudzikinura zvinhu uye kushamwaridzana kwemitero yakabhadharwa inobhadharwa nemutengi
DEQ rinoreva Kununurwa Ex Quay uye inoteverwa nedzimwe nzvimbo inonzi port of destination, somuenzaniso DEQ Los Angeles. DEQ zvinoreva mutengesi akabvumirana kuita kuti zviwanikwa zviwanike kune mutengi pane chikwata panzvimbo inonzi mukonesi yekutengesa
DDU zvinoreva Kusunungurwa Kwebasa Risina Kubhadhara uye rinoteverwa nenzvimbo inonzi yaenda kune imwe nzvimbo, somuenzaniso DDU Topeka. Mutengesi anofanira kutakura mari inoshandiswa pakutumira zvinhu pamwe chete nemari uye njodzi yekuita tsika dzetsika. Mutengi anobhadhara chikwereti uye anofanira kubhadhara chero mari yakawedzera inokonzerwa nokukundikana kwayo kubvisa zvinhu zvekupinda munguva
DDP rinoreva Kununurwa Kwebasa Rinobhadharwa uye rinoteverwa nenzvimbo inonzi inzvimbo yekuenda, saiyo DDP Bakersfield. Mutengesi anofanira kubhadhara mari inoshandiswa pakutumira zvinhu pamwe chete nemari uye njodzi yekuita tsika dzetsika. Mutengesi anoripa basa uye mutengi anofanira kubhadhara chero mari yakawedzera inokonzerwa nokukundikana kwayo kubvisa zvinhu kuti zviitwe munguva. DDP haifaniri kushandiswa kana mutengesi asingakwanisi kuwana reti yekutumira
Nyaya yakarongedzwa neChechi Chakushandisa / Kugadzirisa Nyanzvi Gary W. Marion.