EPZs inzira dzekusimudzira hupfumi.
Nhanganyaya
Nyika zhinji dzichiri kusimukira dziri kuedza kuchinja mararamiro avo nekuzvibatanidza pachavo muhuwandu hwekugovera . Izvi zvinoreva kuenda kune imwe nyika inotengeswa kune imwe nyika zvichibva kune dzimwe nyika. Nyika dziri kuAsia, Africa, uye Latin America dziri kusimbisa zvirongwa zvekutsvaga kunze kwenyika zvinokurudzira kudyara kubva kumakambani emarudzi akawanda.
Chimwe chishandiso chinoshandiswa nemarudzi mazhinji ndeyeZimbabwe Inoshandiswa Kunze (EPZ).
Izvi zvinosarudzwa nzvimbo munyika yakagadzirirwa kuita zvinotevera:
- Kukoshesa mari yekunze kune dzimwe nyika kuti uite mabasa
- Wedzera dhizimusi
- Tumirai teknolojia
- Dzokera kumashure kumashure pakati penharaunda uye hupfumi hwemhuri
IEEPZ ichava nezvimwe zvigaro zvinogona kukwezva kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakadai sezvisikwa zvepanyama, vashandi vashoma vane unyanzvi, kana kuti zvigaro zvekushandisa .
Marudzi anogonawo kukurudzira kushandiswa kwekuita muEEPZ kuburikidza nekupa mvumo yekubhadhara mvumo kana zvivako zvekuvaka, mitemo isina tsika, mitemo yekusabhadhara mitero, yakadai seyaka gumi yezororo yezororo, uye kukudziridza zvivako zvekushambadzira kune varairi vezvido.
Nhoroondo yeExport Processing Zone
Pfungwa ye EPZ ingangodaro yakabva kune nzvimbo dzekutengeserana dzakasimbiswa mumatunhu makuru akadai saHong Kong, Gibraltar, uye Singapore muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe. Zvimwe zvekutanga zvokutengeserana zvigaro zvakabvumira kutengeserana uye kutengeswa kunze kwemaitiro zvakasikwa kuitira kuti zvinhu zvigone kutengeswa zvakare nokukurumidza.
IEEPZ yakashandiswa nenyika dzichiri kusimukira kubva kuma1930 kukurudzira kudyirwa kune dzimwe nyika. Iyo inonzi inonzi EPZ ndeye dzimwe nyika, asi inogonawo kunzi Free Trade Zone (FTZ), Special Economic Zone (SEZ) uye maquiladora, yakawanikwa seMexico.
Zvimwe zveEEPZ dzokutanga zvakawanikwa muLatin America, asi muUnited States, nzvimbo yekutanga yekutengeserana yakasikwa muna 1934.
Kubvira kuma1970, nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzakaona EPZ senzira yekukurudzira hupfumi hwavo kuburikidza nekukurudzira kuwanikwa kubva munyika yakagadzirwa.
Muna 2006, nyika 130 dzakanga dzagadzira kupfuura 3500 EPZ mumiganhu yavo, uye inofungidzirwa kuti vashandi vanosvika mamiriyoni 66 vanoshandiswa mune zveEEPZ. Mamwe EPZ haana imwe nzvimbo yefiniti, asi dzimwe, dzakadai seChinese Special Economic Zones, dzakakura zvikuru zvokuti dzine vagari vanogara.
Kubatsirwa kweNzvimbo yekutengesa kunze kwenyika
Neve nyika dzinopfuura 130 dzinopa EPZ mumiganhu yavo, zvinobatsira pakusika EPZ zvinoita sezviri pachena kune nyika dzichiri kusimukira.
Zvikomborero zvakajeka zvinosanganisira:
- Kuwedzera kwekunze kwekunze kwekunze kuburikidza nekuwedzera kwenyika
- Kudenga Jobho
- Kutengeserana kwenyika kune imwe nyika (FDI) kune nyika yakagamuchirwa
- Kuiswa kwekombiyuta munyika
- Uye kuunza kuwirirana kumashure kubva kuEppZ kuenda kuhupfumi hwemhuri
Zvose zvinowanikwa kune nyika yakagadzirisa hazvienzaniswi zvakajeka sezvo kune yekutanga yekusimudzira mari yekugadzira zvigadzirwa zveEEPZ, pamwe chete nemitero inobhadhara kune dzimwe nyika.
Pakave nekuongororwa kwakaitwa paEppZ munyika yose, dzimwe nyika dzinoita sedzinobatsira zvakanyanya kuburikidza nekuiswa kweEEPZ yakadai seChina, South Korea, neIndonesia.
Kunyange zvazvo zvichifungidzirwa kuti vamwe havana kuitawo zvakadaro, zvakadai sePhilippines, uko mari yakakura yezvivakovheni yakawedzera zvikomborero.
Dzidzo dzakagumisa kuti nyika dzine mari yakawanda yevashandi vasingashandisi inogona kushandisa EPZ kuti iwedzere basa uye iite mari yekunze kune dzimwe nyika.
Kukanganiswa kweNzvimbo yekutengesa kunze kwenyika
Mapoka akadai seSouth Labor Rights Forum (ILRF) akawana kuti kune dzimwe nyika dzichiri kusimukira vazhinji vevashandi vari muEEPZ vakadzi uye vanosvika makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana yemvura inoshandiswa dzimba.
Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzezvoupfumi dzakagumisa kuti basa muEppZ's rinoreva mibairo yakaderera, kushanda kwakasimba kwepamusoro, kushanda kwakachengeteka kwemamiriro uye kubviswa kwekodzero dzebasa. Inowanzoitika ndeyekuti mibairo ye EPZ yakakwirira kudarika iyo inowanikwa mumaruwa enyika imwe chete, kunyanya kuvakadzi, haisi nguva dzose iyo inobhadhara mu EPZ yakakwirira kudarika iyo inofanirwa basa kunze kweEEPZ.
Mhuri dzakawanda dziri kumaruwa dzinoenderana nemubairo wakadzoserwa nevashandi vechikadzi mukati me EPZ.
Hurumende dzakawanda dzakasimbisa EPZ dzave dzakaita zvinopesana nemabasa ekushanda kwebasa mukati meEEPZ. Mitemo yakasiyana-siyana yekushanda kwebasa izvo hurumende dzakatora dzinosanganisira kubvisa zvachose kana kusarura pamabasa ehurumende, kusagadzikana kwehuwandu hwekubatana pamwe chete, uye kubvisa vashandi vehurumende.
Vazhinji munguva ichangobva kuBangladesh, mutemo wehurumende wekudzivisa hurumende yakanyarara pashure pokunge chivako chivako chakauraya vashandi vanopfuura 1100.
Mamiriro ezvinhu asina kuchengeteka ari kushandiswa chinhu chakaipa chinowanzobatanidzwa neEEPZ. Vashandi vanotarisirwa kushanda maawa akawanda mumamiriro ezvinhu ane ngozi, kusanganisira runyararo rukuru uye kupisa, midziyo isina kuchengeteka yekugadzira , uye zvivako zvisingaitiki. Izvo zvisingabvumirwi kushamwaridzana, pane zvishoma zvinoitwa kuti uchinje mamiriro ezvinhu mune mamwe mafekitari.
Sezvo kuwedzera kweEEPZ kwakasikwa, kune chikonzero chekuchengetedza mari zvakaderera sezvinogona kuve kukwikwidza kune dzimwe nyika dzichiri kusimukira. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vashandi vanoenderera mberi vachitambura nemigumisiro yekusachengeteka kwemamiriro ekushanda.
Yakarongwa naGary Marion, Logistics uye Supply Chain Expert pa The Balance.