The History of Paper Recycling
Iyo yekutanga yepamusoro mapepa yekugadziridza zvakare inofungidzirwa kuti inoitika munguva yeHondo Yenyika I muUnited States MuHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, mapepa okugadzirisa zvakare akawana zvakare kukurudzirwa kwakakonzerwa nekudiwa kwezvinhu.
Nekufamba kwenguva, mapeji ekudzokorora mapepa akawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma uye maererano nemitemo, inenge 75 muzana yemapepa uye mapepa emapepa muUnited States anoshandisa pepa rakagadziriswa mukugadzira pepa idzva. Mushumo iwoyo unotaura kuti 40 muzana yematombo anovimba chete pamapepa akadzorerwa zvakare.
Zvinyorwa Zvisingashandisiki uye Zvisina Kudzokorora
Inenge mhando dzose dzemapepa dzinodzokorora zvakare . Pepa zvinhu izvo zvisingagamuchiri zvinogamuchirwa mumabhegi ekuunganidza zvinosanganisira mabhomba mavara ehuputi uye emagetsi, carbon paper, mapepa emapepa, matukisi, mashizha emashizha, makapu ekofi, uye mabhokisi epizza. Mamwe emabhuku akawandisa zvakare akashandura mapepa emakadhibhodhi , newsprint nemagazini, mabhuku uye mabhuku, uye mapepa ehofisi.
Bhuku Rekushandisa Zvinyorwa
Purogiramu yekudzokorora mapepa inosanganisira matanho anoverengeka, kusanganisira kuunganidza, kutakura, kutarisa, kushandiswa kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvinogadzirwa uye pakupedzisira kushandisa izvo zvakasvibirira kuti zvigadzire mishonga yemapepa matsva:
Kuunganidza: Mapepa ekudhonza anounganidza kubva mumabheji emagetsi uye akaiswa muhomwe huru yakashandura pamwe chete nepepa rakakonzerwa kubva kune mamwe mabheji ekuunganidza. Saka, mapepa ose anoenda mune imwe mudziyo mukuru.
Kutakura: Zvose zvakadzorerwa kana kuunganidza mapepa emarara ndokutakurwa kuenda kune pepa rekugadziridza mapeji pavha rinotakura kana mutori.
Kuenzanisa: Mushure mokunge vatinzwa kuchinatsiridza zvirimwa, mapepa akaiswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakadai semakadhibhodi, mapepanhau, newsprint, pepanhau, mapepa emakombiyuta, etc. semhando dzakasiyana dzemapepa anotarisirwa nenzira dzakasiyana mumatanho anotevera ekugadzira maitiro akasiyana yezvekushandisa mapepa emiti.
Kuchengetedza Pepa muNzira Yakashandiswa Inoshandiswa: Iri ndiro danho guru mukugadziridza mapepa. Iko kune zvakawanda zvinoshandiswa mubato rekugadzirisa rinosanganisira zvinotevera:
Kugadzira Pulp kana Slurry: Kubata kunosanganisira mvura uye makemikari. Kuti uite mapepa, mishonga inotanga kuisa iyo mvura isati yasvika uye makemikari yakawedzerwa. Zvadaro musanganiswa unopisa kuti uputse pepa racho nokukurumidza kuva mapepa emapepa. Pakupedzisira, mishonga inoshandiswa kuva mushy mix, inozivikanwa se-slurry kana mapurp.
Kunyanya Kuongorora uye Kuchenesa: Kubvisa kusvibiswa kubva iyo mapurp, iyo maspirini inomanikidzwa kuburikidza nemakwenzi ane masango ehukuru hwakasiyana uye maumbirwo kubvisa tsvina yakadai se globs ye glue uye bits yepurasitiki. Kana iyo maspiriniti ichiri nemhando yakasvibiswa yakawanda seyakagadziriswa, maspp inogonawo kupoteredzwa mumakona makuru akaumbwa. Zvirungiridzo zvinokanda utachiona hunorema kubva mumakoni uchishandiswa nesimba re centripetal apo kusvibiswa kwechiedza kunopinda mukati mekona uye kubviswa.
De-inking: Mushure mekuongorora nekuchenesa kunobva ku-inking, iyo inosanganisira kubvisa inki kubva pamapepa emapepa emaspp apo zvinhu zvakasungirirwa zvinonzi "stickies" zvakadai sekubatanidza uye masara ezvisikwa zvinoparadzaniswa. De-inking inogadziriswa kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwezviito zvemagetsi (shredding uye kuwedzera kwemakemikari). Chiedza uye zviduku zvinyorwa zvinobviswa uchishandisa mvura panguva yakaoma uye yakawanda zvikamu zvinodzingwa kushandiswa kwemhepo inobhururuka mumutambo unonzi flotation.
Kuchenesa, Kuratidza Kupenya, uye Kuchera: Muchitsiko chekunatswa, maspp inorohwa kuitira kuti mapepa emapepa awedzere. Kurova mapuranga kunoparadzanisa mafirusi ega ega kuitira kuti kuve nekugadzirwa kwemapepa matsva kubva kumagetsi akaparadzana. Kana kana kuve kudiwa, ruvara rwekubvisa makemikari inowedzerwa kune fiber kuti ibvise madhayi kubva papepa.
Muchiitiko ichi, mapepa madema anowanikwa. Apo chinangwa ndechokubudisa mapepa machena akadzokidzwa, maspp inoputirwa ne oksijeni, chlorine dioxide, kana kuti hydrogen peroxide kuti aite kuti awedzere kana kuchena.
New Papermaking: Mumugumo wokupedzisira wemapepa ekudzokororazve, mapepa akacheneswa mapepa ndiyo yakagadzirira kushandiswa pakugadzira pepa idzva. Kazhinji, marara acho akabatanidzwa nemicheka yemhandara kuti ape pepa idzva rine kuwedzera uye simba. Mifananidzo yakashandiswa zvakare inogona kushandiswa iri yogawo, zvakadaro.
Panguva ino, mapepura mapepa anovhenganiswa nemakemikari nemvura inopisa. Iroji yeji inopisa mumvura yakasanganiswa yakakura kudarika iyo yepepa fiber nemakemikari. Mushure mokunge, musanganiswa wacho unodyiswa mubhokisi remusoro wepmaking machine uye inoputirwa mujeteni inopfuurira kune guru guru-mesh-sechinyorwa chinofamba chichifambisa kwazvo mumushini. Sezvo mvura inobva musanganiswa inotanga kubuda, mapepa emapuranga akashandurwa zvakare anotanga kusunganidzwa pamwe chete kuti agadzire mvura. Zvadaro, pepa racho rinokurumidza kupfurikidza nemakwikwi e-felt-cover-roll-rollers anonyanyisa mvura yakawanda kubva pamapepe epapepa uye inobuda seyo itsva yakagadzirwa pepa.
Mapeji Ekubvumira Kubudisa Mapeji
Sangano reAmerican Forest & Paper Association (AF & PA) AF & PA ndiro sangano rezvematongerwo emabhizimisi rekushambadzira kwemiti yemasango rinomiririra mapepa-based products anogadzira makambani munyika uye anokurudzira zvigadzirwa zveSango zvisingagari mumisika yepasi rose. Nhengo dze AF & PA dzinobudisa inenge 75 muzana yemapuraneti-based products mu US
Independent Waste Paper Processors Association (IWPPA) Yakasimbiswa muna 1975, IWPPA isangano rezvematongerwo enyika rekambani mumakambani emagetsi emagetsi muUnited States. Kushamwaridzana kune makambani makumi mapfumbamwe emakambani ane kubatanidza kwegore gore rezve rinopfuura £ 2 billion. Nhengo dzekambani dzinobereka mamiriyoni maviri emamiriyoni ekudzokorora zvakare.
I Confederation of Paper Industries (CPI) CPI imwe sangano rebhizimisi rekuGermany-based producer producer uye vanogadzirisa zvakare vane makambani anopfuura makumi manomwe. CPI nhengo dzekambani dzine ruzivo rwegore rose rwe £ 6.5 mabhiriyoni.
European Recovered Paper Association (ERPA ) ERPA iEuropean trade trade association inomiririra mapepa emapepa emapepa emarudzi akasiyana-siyana eEurope. Iyo pepa inogadzirisa uye inoshandiswazve hurumende kubva kuBelgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, neFinland nhengo dze ERPA.
Bhizimisi Mikana mu Paper Recycling
Purogiramu yekugadziridza ndeye yakanyatsogadziriswa, uye inyanzvi yemabhizimusi. Purogiramu yekugadziridza inogona kunge iri kuwedzerwa kwakakosha kwemashumiro emakambani anodzokorora zvimwe zvinhu. Uye pamakambani ekutengeserana, zvisinei, pane mikana inowanika mukugoverwa kwemabasa akadai sokuunganidza, kutakura, uye kusarudza.
Kwakaitika kare, zvinodzokorora zvakare zvinogona kubvisa chete zvinhu zvakashandiswa zvakare kubva kune mutengi, zvakadai sepallets kana zvidhina, zvishandiso zvekushandira zvemazuva ano zviri kuwedzera kugovera kubvisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakare zvakare kubva kune vatengi panguva imwechete. O ld rakakonzerwa nekadhibhodhi (OCC) inowanzowananidzwa sechikamu chezvikwata zvekutsvaira, apo munhu anenge achidzokororazve achabvisa zvinhu zvakawanda zvekugadziriswa kubva pane imwe nzvimbo panguva imwe chete, pamotokari imwechete. Purogiramu dzakadaro dzinonakidza kune vatengi mumashoko ekuvabatsira kubvisa zvinhu panguva yakakodzera pane kuti vamirire kuti vawane mutoro wakakwana wezvimwe zvinhu.
Rimwe basa rebhizimisi rinobatanidzwa nepepa rinodzokorora nderipi rekunyora mapepa. Maererano neyemunyika, kuiswa kwema $ 30,000 kusvika kumadhora 60,000 kunotarisirwa kutenga motori uye kushandiswa kwemashini pamwe chete. Imari inobva kumabhizimisi anoda zvakavanzika shredding services, pamwe nekubva kutengesa shredded pepa kumiti yekugadzirisa zvakare.
Pepa Rekushandisa Zvinyorwa
Zvinodiwa zvekudzokorora mapepa muU.S. zvinoparadzaniswa kubva kune imwe nyika kuenda kune imwe nyika. Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Wisconsin uye Chirongwa cheColumbia vose vakapedza mitemo inoda kuti mapepa ose emapepa adzoredzwe zvakare.
California inoda kuti mabhizimisi adzokere pepanhau. MuConnecticut, zvinotenderwa kuti zvose zvinokonzera kupisa zvinyorwa zvinodzokorora pepanhau, magazini uye nyeupe uye mavara epahofisi apo mazvigadzidzo zvekudzokorora mabhuku efoni uye emaresi anoregererwa anosara kumatunhu emunharaunda iyoyo. Maine, South Dakota, neVirginia vave vakagamuchirawo zvakagadziriswa zvekugadziridza mapeji ekudzokorora zvinodiwa.
Current Trends in Washington,
Iyo mapurogiramu ekudzokororazve mapepa inoramba ichivandudza. Iyo mhizha yakange ichinetseka zvakanyanya nematambudziko epasi rose pasi nematambudziko anokonzerwa nekusvibiswa panguva yekugadziriswa kwemaitiro ekudzokorora. Chimwe chiitiko chakanaka chave chiri kuwedzerwa kwechikwata cheOCC chizvarwa, icho chinonzi chinonzi kukura kwe e-commerce uye kutumira kumba. Zvechokwadi, pepa iri rinowedzera kushandiswa zvimwe zvekuvhara uye zvishoma kwekukurukurirana, zvichiita kuti kuchanganidzwa kushandiswa kwezvinhu kuchigadzirwa.