Kusvika pakuziva Uniform Commercial Code (UCC)

IUCC yakabudiswa kuti ienderane nemitemo yekutengesa

Nhanganyaya

IUniform Commercial Code (UCC) yakabudiswa muna 1952 uye chinangwa chayo chikuru ndechekuenderana nemitemo yeimwe neimwe yepfumbamwe nharaunda dzine chokuita nekutengeserana uye mutemo webhizimisi.

Mushure mekuverengeka kwezvakaitika kubvira pakatanga bhuku hapana kune gumi zvakasiyana siyana mukati memutsetse, uyewo chikamu pane zvinyorwa zvese zveiyo code.

IUCC yakatora makore gumi kuti inyore uye haisi iwoyo mutemo, asi mazano emitemo inofanira kugamuchirwa mune makumi mashanu anotaura.

Apo hurumende inotora UCC iyo ndiyo iyo chikamu cheyo code yenyika iyo yemitemo, kunyange zvazvo kugadziriswa kuUCC yapakutanga kwakaitwa nedzimwe nyika.

IUCC yakagamuchirwa neimwe nzira nemamwe makumi mashanu enyika, Guam, Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, uye District of Columbia.

Zvinyorwa zveUniform Commercial Code

IUCC inoshanda kune zvizhinji zvekutengeserana pakati pemutengesi uye mutengesi, saka zvakakosha kutenga unyanzvi kuti uve nekunzwisisa kwekutanga kweUCC. Izvo zvinofanira kunge zvakajeka, zvisinei, kuti pakutsvaga, kune mamwe mimwe mitemo inogona kushandiswa pakutenga zvakadai se:

• Federal and state law
• Mutemo wakajairika
• Uye zvinodiwa zvebumbiro remitemo

Mitemo yega yega yeUCC nzvimbo dzekutengesa dzakagadzirirwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvinonzi chikamu. Kubva muna 2011 mairi gumi nemana ekutengeserana anowanikwa muUCC ndeaya: -

1. Zvimwe Zvigadziriswa (Chitsauko 1) - izvi zvinotsanangurwa tsanangudzo dzakawanda nemitemo yekududzira kwezvinhu zvose muUCC.

1. Kutengeswa (Kugadziriswa Mutsetse 2) - ino chinyorwa chinodzora zvibvumirano zvekutengesa kwezvinhu. Chinhu chakakosha zvikuru muChitsauko 2 chekutenga vhizimisi ndechekuti hairi kuvhara kwekutengesa kunosanganisira zvibvumirano zvebasa kana kutengeswa kwedzimba.
2. Kubhadhara (Kugadziriswa Ndima 2A) - ino nenyaya inotsanangura kubhadhara kwezvinhu. Yakawedzerwa muna 1987 uye yakashandurwa muna 1990. Nyaya yacho inotsanangura kubhadhara kwechokwadi sekuti kana mudiki achipa uye ane kodzero yekushandisa zvishandiso kune vashandirwi kwenguva yakatarwa mukudzoka kwerenda, asi musoro weimba yacho unogara muduku. Ichi chinyorwa chinotsanangurawo mari yekushanyira mari, iyo inowanikwa zvikwereti apo mudiki haasi mupi wekutanga wezvinhu zvakabhadharwa, asi anobhadhara zvinhu kune vese semhando yekushandisa mari yekutenga kubva kumutengesi.

1. Negotiable Instruments (Revised Article 3) - ino nyaya inotarisa zvinotaurirana zvinogona kuve zvinyorwa, izvo zvatinoziva secheki, kana kuti inogona kuva nhete, iyo inogona kunge iri chirevo chetsika. Kugadziriswa urongwa kubva kune mumwe munhu kune mumwe kubhadhara mari kumunhu wechitatu. Tsamba ndeye uchapupu hwekwereti pakati pemuiti, uyo anovimbisa kubhadhara, uye mumwe munhu.
2. Bank Deposits uye Collections (Rakagadzirirwa Chinyorwa 4) - ino chinyorwa chinoongorora mitemo inopoteredza checks. Kuita bhengi uye kuongorora kwepanyama inokosha chikamu chekutengeserana kwezuva nezuva. Pasina cheki uye mabhengi ebhengi, zviri pachena hapana bhizinesi raigona kuitika.
3. Mari Inoshandiswa (Chitsauko 4A) - ino nyaya yakasikwa muna 1989 apo mabhizimisi emagetsi aiva nzira iyo mabhizimusi ekubhadhara aizogadziriswa. Muna 1989 chiyero chemazuva ose chebhengi yemagetsi chaiva chemadriyoni emadhora. Ichi chinyorwa chinogadza mitemo yemutumire uye kugamuchira bhangi.
4. Tsamba dzeKwereti (Chinyorwa Chiratidziro 5) - izvi zvinorondedzerwa senhumbi yekubhadhara iyo inenge iri basa nemunhu anopa chikwereti kune uyo anobatsirwa, munhu anobhadharwa, nokuda kweanokumbira, munhu ane chikwereti chakawedzerwa by the issuer. Kubhadharwa kunoda kuiswa kwechirongwa, kazhinji kunyorwa kwechinangwa chemubatsiri kune anopa.

1. Bhuku reBurk (Chinyorwa Chirondedzero 6) - ino chinyorwa chinopa kuchengetedza kune vane chikwereti chemabhizimisi anotengesa zvinhu kubva muzvitoro. Vanokweretesa vemabhizimisi aya vanotambura nekutengeswa kwemahombekombe, apo bhizimisi rinotengesa zvose kana chikamu chikuru chekutsvaga kune mutengi mumwe kunze kwesangano rebhizimisi rega rega, uye ipapo mubhizimisi wemabhizimisi anotiza nemari yacho.
2. Zvinyorwa zveChechi (Chinyorwa Chirondedzero 7) - ino chinyorwa chinoreva kuwanikwa kwemari yekuchengetedza, bhadha rekutakura , uye mamwe magwaro epazita. Nyaya yenyaya ino yaiva kutumidzwa kwezita apo zvigadzirwa zvakachengetwa kana kutumirwa. Zvinyorwa zvinyorwa munyaya ino ndezvikwereti zvekuchengetedza zvigadzirisiti pazvokuchengetedza, uye musayiri wekutakura pamusika wekutakura.
3. Investment Securities (Revised Article 8) - ino nhau inodzora kuwedzerwa kwezvikwereti zvekutsvaga. Izvi zvinosanganisira mashizha, zvibvumirano, mutual fund shares, uye mikana yakabatanidzwa.

1. Kuchengetedzwa Kwakachengeteka (Chinyorwa Chirondedzero 9) - ino nheyo inopa mitemo inotungamirira chero mutengesi, kunze kwekubhadhara mari, iyo inokwereta chikwereti nechido chekwereti kune pfuma yemunhu ane chikwereti. Kana uyo ane chikwereti achifa, muteresi anogona kudzokera zvakare uye kutengesa imba kuti agutse chikwereti.

Yakarongwa naGary Marion, Logistics uye Supply Chain Expert pa The Balance.