The Legal Information Institute paConellell University inoparadzanisa hutongi pasi muzvikamu zvitatu: ingave kune kodzero pamusoro pemunhu wacho, kana kune kodzero pamusoro pehurukuro, uye kana kune kodzero yekupa mutongo wakatarwa unotsvaga.
Simba Pamusoro Penyaya Nyaya uye Munhu
Kana mhosva iri kutaridzirwa, imwe yemibvunzo yekutanga inosanganisira iyo iyo nyaya ichazonzwikwa; ndiko kuti, mubvunzo wekutonga unofanirwa kusarudzwa. Iro hutongi hwemhosva hunoenderana nehutongi hwemunhu uye nyaya inotonga. Nyaya dzinotanga kuuya.
Kuti ave nesimba rekunzwa nyaya, dare rinofanirwa kunge rine nyaya mbiri uye rinotonga nyaya yacho. Semuenzaniso, bhizinesi bankruptcy mhosva rinogona kungonzwika munyaya yedare rekudarika, asi nzvimbo yevanhu vanobatanidzwa inosarudza dare redzimhosva rinopomerwa mhosva yacho. Zvimwe zviitiko umo nyaya inokosha yakakosha ndeyekupinda kune dzimwe nyika uye nharo dzepamutemo; zvose zviri zviviri zvinofanira kunzwika mumatare ehurumende.
Mienzaniso yeUtongi
Kutonga kwevanhu pachako kunobva pane iyo mapoka (kazhinji mutongi) anorarama kana ane pfuma kana anoita bhizinesi; idzi inowanzotongwa nyaya dzematare ehurumende.
Nzvimbo dzakawanda dzinotora nzvimbo yekugara uye bhizimusi nzvimbo yekutonga.
Kune dzimwe nyaya dzinosanganisira vatengesi vepaIndaneti , pfungwa ye "vashoma nhume" inogona kushandiswa. Muzviitiko izvi, kana munhu kana bhizinesi ane "kushamwaridzana" mukati mehurumende, hurumende inogona kuva nehutongi. Saka, kana mutengesi wepaIndaneti ari mugari wenyika, anoti, Ohio, asi bhizimusi rinotora mirairo kubva kune mumwe munhu muIndiana, mutengesi aigona kunzi "ane zvishoma kutaurirana" muIndiana, uye Indiana inogona kuva nesimba, kunyanya kana mutengi muIndia.
Mukusungwa kwemakakatanwa mumatambudziko ekurambana, kusanganisira kushanyira vazukuru, mutongo uchaiswa muhurumende apo kusununguka kwepakutanga kwakaiswa; "mwana wemusha" wemwana wacho.
Mukurambana kwemhosva dzinosanganisira vashandi vehondo, zvinogona kuva kusvika kumatunhu matatu: mutemo wepamutemo wemuuto weuto; kugara kwepamutemo kwemudzimai; uye iyo iyo iyo nhengo yebasa yakamira mukati.
Nharaunda Pamusoro pezvokuda mari
Nharaunda inobatanidzawo nemari yemari inobata. Semuenzaniso, matare maduku madzitateguru anongogumira kumatambudziko ekunzwa anongowedzera mari shoma chete; humwe hurumende inogadzirisa chikamu chemari pamatambudziko maduku.
Kana nyaya inounzwa kudare iyo isingatenderwi kutonga nyaya uye hutongi hwevanhu kuti inzwe nyaya yacho, zvinonzi dare "harina simba." Nyaya yacho inofanira kuve yakanzwika mune rimwe dare, rimwe rine simba pamusoro penyaya yacho.
Kutonga kwevanhu pachavo kunogona kushandiswawo mumamiriro ezvinhu ehupfumi, kunyange kana munhu kana bhizinesi rinobatanidzwa iri mune imwe nyika. Mune zviitiko izvi, kudai kunofanirwa kunobatanidza neimba inosangana. Kana mhosva yacho isinei neimba, imba yacho haigoni kushandiswa kugadzirisa hurumende.
The Difference Between Federal and State Jurisdiction
Zviitiko zvizhinji zvinonzwika mumatare ehurumende, asi matare ehurumende ane kodzero mumatambudziko akasiyana-siyana:
- Mhosva dzinobuda pasi peSouth Constitution; izvozvi, matambudziko ane dare reMitemo reSvondo pachigaro chavo
- Mhosva dzinobuda pasi pemitemo yehurumende nemitemo yakaitwa neUnited States
- Ambassadors nevashumiri vehurumende
- Kurwisana pakati pematunhu maviri kana kupfuura
- Admiralty mutemo, uye
- Kushungurudza mhaka.
Mhosva dzinosanganisira IRS uye hurumende yemitero inonzwiwawo neU.S. Tax Tax, apo mhaka dzinosanganisira mitero yehurumende inonzwiwa nematare ematare ehurumende.
Dare reDare Repamusorosoro
Vanhu vanowanzoti, "Ndiri kutora iyo nzira yose kuenda kuDare Repamusorosoro," asi izvi zvinorevei chaizvoizvo? Dare reDare Repamusorosoro rinorema kupfuura iwe unogona kufunga. Inopomerwa nehurumende yeUnited States nekuongorora kwekutonga kwezviitiko zvakasiyana.
Verenga zvakawanda pamusoro peSouth Court Court.
Dzimwe Mhando dzeMasimba
Mamwe marudzi ehutongi:
- Chikumbiro chokutonga : simba redare kuti rinzwe kukumbira uye kuongorora kana kuputsa chisarudzo chedare rapfuura. Somuenzaniso, Dare Repamusorosoro ndiro dare rokupedzisira rekukumbira mukuteterera.
- Mutongi wepamusoro: Masimba anoitwa panguva imwe chete nedare rinopfuura rimwe pamusoro pemusoro mumwechete uye mundima imwe chete. Munhu ane mhosva anogona kusarudza pane kodzero yenyaya yacho.
- Federal Authority: Simba redare renyika kuti rinzwe nyaya.