Mvura zhinji inoparadza yaiva dambudziko rinowanzoitika muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri. Muna 1936 Congress yakaedza kugadzirisa nyaya yacho nekugadzirisa Chirevo cheMutemo weMafashamo. Uyu mutemo wakabvumira hurumende yehurumende kuti ivakwe mafashamo-mafambiro edzimba semadzimai nemashamba.
Zvinosuruvarisa, zviyero izvi zvakanga zvisina kukwana uye mafashamo akaenderera mberi.
Pakazosvika makore makumi mapfumbamwe emvura mafashamo akanga atova zvikuru. Vakanga vari kukonzera hupfumi hwemaimba uye vachida kubhadhara mari yakawanda yehurumende yemari mukununurwa kwenjodzi. Congress yakacherechedza kuti chirongwa chakazara chekudzivirira mafashamo chaidiwa. Kusvika pakupedzisira, yakagadzira National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) muna 1968.
NFIP inotungamirirwa neHeral Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Purogiramu yacho yakagadzirirwa kuderedza mafashamo ekurasikirwa achishandisa nzira nhatu-yakagadzirirwa: floodplain kutarisira, mafungu emvura mapikicha, uye flood inshuwarisi. Izwi rokuti floodplain zvinongoreva nzvimbo inowanzoitika kune mafashamo.
Floodplain Management
Chimwe chezvigaro zveNFIP ndechekubatanidzwa kwevanhu. Kubatanidzwa mune purogiramu ndezvekuzvidira. Mhuri dzinotora chikamu dzinoita kuzvipira kune hurumende yehurumende. Vanopikira kutanga nekusimbisa chirongwa chekugadzira mvura.
Floodplain kutungamirirwa kunogona kuzadziswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana kusanganisira kugadzirisa uye kuvaka chigwaro chekuita. Mhuri inotora chikamu muNFIP inofanira kuderedza chivako chitsva munzvimbo dzinochengeterwa kudya. Vanofanirawo kuvimbisa kuti zvivako zvitsva zvakanyatsokwidziridzwa. Kana nharaunda ichizadzikisa kuguma kwayo kwekutengesa pasi peNFIP, vadzidzisi vemunharaunda munharaunda iyo vachawana ruzivo rwemainishuwarenzi.
Dambudziko reMafashamo Mapping
Apo nharaunda yekutanga inotanga kupinda purogiramu yemafashamo FEMA inotungamirira chidzidzo chemafashamo emunharaunda yemunzvimbo yacho. Apo chidzidzo chacho chapera FEMA inogadzirira Mafashamo eUnited Rate Map (FIRM). Mepu iyi inofanirwa kutaridzirwa kwezviitiko zvehuwandu dzemvura. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira zviredzi, nzizi, maruva, madhamu uye mafashamo (nzvimbo umo mvura inoyerera panguva yemafashamo).
Kuongorora mafashamo anokonzerwa nemafashamo FEMA anoshandisa muitiro unonzi mvura yepasi kana mafashamo emakore zana . Mvura yemakore zana inotarisirwa kuitika kamwechete kamwe nemakore zana (inogona kuitika kakawanda). Mvura yakadzika ine mukana we1% wekuitika kune chero gore rakapiwa. Pasi peNFIP kune 1% mafashamo emvura inonzi inofanirwa nharaunda inotyisa nzvimbo (SFHA).
Paunenge uchigadzira FIRME, FEMA inoshandisa urongwa hwekunyoresa kuratidza SFHA. Nzvimbo dziri pedyo negungwa dzakagoverwa tsamba "V." "V" nzvimbo dzinonyanya kuisa njodzi nokuti dzinogona kutyiswa nekudengenyeka kwemafunguro emvura kubva kumadutu kana tsunami. Nharaunda dzinowanzoitika kune mafashamo asi kwete maitiro ekutsvaga anosarudzwa netsamba "A." "A" nzvimbo dzinogona kunge dziri pedyo negungwa kana rwizi. Inogonawo kunge iri pedyo negungwa munzvimbo yakachengetedzwa kubva kumafungu.
Chimwe chiitiko chinowanikwa mumapupu emafashamo ndiwo mafashamo emvura .
Izwi iri rinoreva kukwira kwokuti mvura inoyerera inotarisirwa kukwira panguva yemafashamo. Kuti idzivirirwe kubva kune mafashamo, nzvimbo inofanira kunge iri pamusoro peBFE.
Mafashamo eInishuwarenzi
Kumunhu wepfuma, chikamu che1% chemafashamo chingaratidzika sechepasi. Mune 1% yemafashamo emvura, zvisinei, kune mukana we 26% wekuti mafashamo achaitika panguva ipi neipi yemakore makumi matatu (hupenyu hwomutengo wemari ). Nokudaro, chero ipi neipi inowanikwa muSFHA inofanira kuvharwa nehutukutu yemvura inenge iyo iyo inotengeswa kuburikidza nechikwereti chinotungamirirwa nehurumende kana chekuchengetedzwa. Vapi venzvimbo iyo isiri muSFHA vanogona kutenga inshuwarisi yemvura inofadza.
Inishuwarenzi yemafashamo inofanira kutengwa zvakasiyana nedzivo yehupfumi inshuwarisi. Izvi ndezvokuti mafashamo uye matambudziko akafanana (kufanana nedutu remvura, mudflow uye kushandiswa kwegungwa remvura isina mvura ) haisi kunze kwekutengeserana kwepfuma yepamutemo kuburikidza nekuregererwa kwemvura .
Inishuwarenzi yemafashamo haigone kutengwa zvakananga kubva ku FEMA. Asi, inowanikwa kubva kumakambani einishuwarenzi ayo akaita chibvumirano neNFIP. Aya mabhizimisi ehurumende uye mazano emafashamo emagetsi pamusoro peEFA. Inishuwarenzi vanotenga vanogona kutenga mashuwarisi emvura inobva kune imwe yevaiti ve inshuwarisi kuburikidza nenhengo ye inshuwarisi .
Mutengo wepamusoro wemhosva yemvura inshuwarisi pane imwe nzvimbo inotarisana nezvimwe zvinhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira:
- inharaunda iyo nzvimbo yacho iripo;
- nzvimbo chaiyo yeimba (kana iri muSFHA);
- unhu hwehupfumi (zera, kuvaka etc); and
- kukwirira kwechivakwa