Electronika matongo, anowanzozivikanwa e-e-scrap e-yakasvibiswa, ndiyo marara atinogadzira kubva pane zvakasara, zvakaputsika uye zvisina kushandiswa zvemagetsi. E-tsvina kana magetsi zvekugadziridza zvakare ndiyo nzira yekuwanazve zvinhu kubva kuzvigadzirwa zvekare kuti zvishandise mune zvitsva zvitsva.
Kazhinji inotsiviwa nemagetsi
Isu tiri kusika e-yakawanda pahuwandu hunokurumidza. Dzimwe dzemajairi anowanzosimbiswa nemagetsi dzinosanganisira foni dzenhare (dzakatsiviwa nemwedzi 22), desktop yekombiyuta (yakashandurwa kwemakore ose maviri), mimhanzi inofarira (yakatsiviwa ose makore maviri / 3), DVD player (yakashandurwa gore rose 4/5), printer (yakashandurwa kwemakore ose mashanu), uye terevhizheni (yakashandurwa makore gumi nemakore).
Saka, nehupenyu hushoma hunobudirira, izvi zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvinoshandiswa mu-e-waste nenzira inokurumidza. Zvechokwadi, yakafungidzirwa kuti paiva nemamiriyoni 422 asina kushandiswa uye asingadiwi masero efoni akaungana mumisha yevanhu kusvika pakupera kwa2015.
Maererano nekambani yekuongorora tsvakurudzo, Gartner, muna 2015 chete, inofungidzirwa kuti 1.9 mabhiriyoni efoni dzakatengeswa munyika yose. Icho chinenge chimwe chevanhu vana mana vari vapenyu. Gore roga roga mamiriyoni ezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvakadai sefoni, maTV, makombiyuta, makombiyuta, uye mahwendefa anosvika kumagumo eupenyu hwavo hunobatsira.
Chii chinoitika kumagadziro pamagumo eupenyu hwavo hunobatsira?
Zvinosuruvarisa, huwandu hwezvinhu izvi zvemagetsi zvinopera mumagetsi edzimba uye zvishoma chete muzana inodzoka se / mune zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi matsva. Maererano nekuongorora kweUnited States, muna 2014 chete, 41.8 mamirioni emataundi emagetsi e-magasti (e-waste) akadzingwa munyika yose, ane 10 kusvika ku40 muzana yekusara kwaitwa zvakanaka.
Electroniki izere nezvinhu zvakakosha zvinosanganisira mhangura, tin, iron, aluminium, fossil fuels, titanium, ndarama, uye sirivha. Zvizhinji zvezvinhu zvinoshandiswa mukugadzirisa zvinhu izvi zvemagetsi zvinogona kuwanikwa zvakare, zvakare kushandiswa uye kushandiswa zvakare, kusanganisira plastiki, zvigadzirwa, uye girazi. Mumushumo, Apple yakaratidza kuti yakagamuchira 2 204 mapaundi emadhora-goridhe $ 40 mamiriyoni-kubva kunezve yakashandurwa iPhones, Macs uye iPads muna 2015.
Dzimwezve E-tsvina yekudzokorora chokwadi
Gore roga rega, veAmerica vanokanda kunze kwema 9,4 mamirioni e e-waste, chiyero chinopfuura chero nyika ipi zvayo munyika.
Parizvino, e-tsvina inokonzera 2 muzana yemasitosita emasuwo mumasitrasi eU US E-waste ndiyo ikozvino inokura nekukurumidzira kwemarara mumasitrasi akaoma muU.S., ichiwedzera ne5 muzana gore negore.
Gore roga roga, pakati pe20 ne50 mamiriyoni matani e e-waste anokandwa muzvikwereti, uye 10 kusvika ku18 kubva muzana yehuwandu hwepasi rose e-zvinyorwa zvinoshandiswa zvakare. Asi maererano neEPA, ikozvino E-tsvina yekudzokorora chiyero ndeye 12.5 chete.
Gore roga rega, veAmerica vanokanda maserefoni ane $ 60 mamiriyoni mune sirivha nendarama.
Zvakawanda zve-e-tsvina inowanikwa muUnited States inotengeswa kuChina, India, Pakistan, Nigeria neGhana kuumba dambudziko rekudzikisa munyika idzodzo.
Kubatsirwa kweE-zvishandiso zvakare
Kudzokorora e-tsvina kune mararamiro akasiyana-siyana ezvakatipoteredza uye emari:
Maererano neEPA, kugadziridzwa kwemamiriyoni ane mapiritsi anogona kuchengetedza simba rakaenzana remagetsi rinogona kutora mhuri 3 657 US gore. EPA inotaurawo kuti kuburikidza nekudzokororazve mamiriyoni efoni, tinokwanisa kuwana 75 lbs yegoridhe, 772 lbs esirivha, uye 35 274 lbs emhangura uye 33 lbs ye palladium.
Maererano neElectroni TakeBack Coalition, inotora 1.5 matani emvura, 530 lbs emafuta uye 40 Ibs emakemikari kuti aite kombiyuta imwechete uye kuongorora.
81 muzana emasimba anoshandiswa nekombiyuta inoshandiswa panguva yekugadzira uye kwete panguva yekushanda.
Kodhijoni ine mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzakashata uye dzinokuvadza dzemakemikari uye zvinhu zvinosunungurwa mumamiriro ezvinhu kana tisingatauri zvakakodzera.
Kudzokorora e-tsvina kunotiita kuti tivezve nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzinokosha nesimbi nezvimwe zvinhu kubva mumagetsi, kuchengetedza zvigadzirwa zvemhepo (simba), kuderedza kusvibiswa, kuchengetedza nzvimbo yekudzivirira nzvimbo, nekugadzira mabasa.
Iyo yemagetsi yekudzokorora nzira
Zvinhu zvekushandisa zvakare zvekugadzirisa zvinogona kunge zvakaoma nokuti zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvakarasikirwa zvigadzirwa zvakanakisisa zvakagadzirwa kubva kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvegirazi, zvidhina, uye plastiki.
Nzira yekugadziridza zvakare inogona kusiyanana, zvichienderana nezvinhu zvakashandiswa zvakare uye inyanzvi inoshandiswa, asi pano inongororongodzo.
Kuunganidzwa uye Kutakura : Kuunganidza uye kutakura zvikamu zviviri zvezvikamu zvekutanga zvekudzorerazve, kusanganisira ye-e-waste. Zvinyorwa zvinoshandiswa pakutsvaga nzvimbo yekuunganidza zvikwama kana magetsi zvinotora mabheji munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana uye kutakura yakaunganidzwa e-tsvina kubva kunezvi nzvimbo kunoshandiswazve michero uye zvivako.
Kuchengeta, Kuronga, uye Kuparadzanisa: Pashure pokuunganidza uye kutakura kunoshandiswa zvakare, zviwanikwa mu-e-tsvina dzinofanirwa kushandiswa uye kuparadzaniswa kuva zvinhu zvakachena zvinogona kushandiswa kuita zvigadzirwa zvitsva. Kuparadzanisa kwakakwana kwezvinhu ndizvo nheyo yezvemagetsi yekudzokorora zvakare. Kushandiswa kwekutanga kwe-e-tsvina kunobatsira kugadzirisa nekuparadzanisa kwemalasitiki kubva kune zvigadzirwa uye mukati mechipatara. Saka, e-zvinhu zvakasvibiswa zvakaputirwa kuita zvidimbu zviduku se 100mm kuti zvigadzirire kuwedzera kuisa.
Rimwe magnetti ane simba rinoparadzanisa simbi uye simbi kubva mumvura inosvibisa pamhepo. Izvo zvakasarudzwa zvinhu zvesirivha zvinobva zvagadzirirwa kutengeswa sechishandiswa zvakare. Kupfurikidza nekugadzirwa kwemagetsi kunoparadzanisa aluminium, mhangura uye mapurisa ematunhu kubva pane zvinyorwa zvino yava kunyanya plastiki. Zvadaro, kuparadzaniswa kwekombiyuta yemvura inoshandiswa kuparadzanisa girazi kubva pamaplastiki. Kutarisa kuonekwa uye kugadzirisa maoko kugadzirisa hutano hwezvinhu zvakabudiswa. Nzizi dzakaparadzana dzealuminium, mhangura uye mapurisa edunhu dzinounganidzwa uye dzakagadzirirwa kutengeswa sezvakadzokidzwa zvakare nezvinhu zvekushandisa. Inyanzvi yekuparadzanisa kwepamusoro inoshandiswa mukugadzirisa. Nhanho yekupedzisira mukuparadzanisa inotora uye inotsvaga zvese zvakasara zvishandiso zvesimbi kubva pamaplastiki kuti dzirambe dzichinatsa ruzivo.
Kugadzirira Kutengeswa Sezvakabatanidzwa Zvimwe Zvinhu: Mushure mokunge kupisa, kusarura uye zvikamu zvekuparadzana zvave zvichiurayiwa, zvinhu zvakatsaurwa zvakagadzirirwa kutengeswa sechishandiswa zvinomera zvekugadzirwa kwemagetsi matsva kana zvimwe zvigadzirwa.
Electronics Kugadzirisa Masangano
ISRI (iyo Institute of Recycling Industries): ISRI ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa kushandiswa kwekambani kushamwaridzana nemakambani evanhu 1600, ayo makambani 350 ari e-waste recyclers.
CAER (Coalition yeAmerican Electronics Recycling): CAER ndiyo imwe inotungamirira e-waste recycling industry musangano muU.S. uye ine makambani anopfuura makumi matatu emakambani anoshandisa pedo mazana matatu e-zvishandiso zvekushandura zvitsva zvachose munyika yose.
EERA (European Electronics Recyclers Association): EERA ndiyo inotungamirira e-waste recycling industry industry muEurope.
EPRA (Electronic Products Recycling Association): EPRA ndiyo inotungamira e-waste recycling industry industry muCanada.
Bhizimisi Mikana muE-yakasvibiswa Kugadzirisa
E-tsvina yekudzokorora ishizha rekukura pamwe nekuwedzera kuri kuwedzera kwemvura-e-streams munyika yose. Asi nhamba inowedzera yemitemo ine chokuita ne-e-waste repycling inoita kuti pave nevanopinda mazamu emhizha. Kuti unzwisise marudzi akasiyana e-e-waste mabhizimisi ekudzokorora, uwandu hwekutsvaga kwekutsvaga, nguva uye mari yezviyeuchidzo, nzvimbo yekuchengeteka, hutano nekuchengeteka nezvimwewo ruzivo rwakabatana, verenga Bhizimisi Mikana muZvijisheni Kugadzirisa.
Nheyo Nhasi Maitiro Anowanikwa Purogiramu Inoshandiswa Pakudhinda
I-E-waste yakagadziriswa makambani ine nhamba yakawanda yematambudziko. Izvi zvinosanganisira:
Zvinhu zvinotengeswa kune dzimwe nyika dzichiri kusimukira Kutengesa e-waste, kusanganisira zvinokuvadza uye zvinhu zvinotyisa, zvinotungamirira kuhutano hwehutano hwevashandi vanoshandira kuputsa zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi munyika dzisingakwanisi kudzivirira zvakatipoteredza. Parizvino, 50-80 muzana ye e-tsvina inoshandiswazve zvakare inotengeswa kune dzimwe nyika, kusanganisira zvisiri pamutemo e-scrap, iyo inonyanya kunetseka. Kakawanda, kusakosha kwekutonga kwezvemagetsi kushandiswa patsva mumatunhu ari kusimukira kwakatungamirira kune zvinetso zvakasiyana-siyana zvehutano uye zvemagariro.
Pasina zvigadzirwa zvakakosha Kunyange zvazvo ivhu re-e-yakawanda iri kukurumidza kukurumidza, hutano hwe e-yakaora huri kuderera. Devices ari kuve maduku uye maduku maduku ane zviduku zvisingakoshi. Izvo zvinhu zvinokosha zvezvizhinji zvekuguma-kwe--hupenyu zvemagetsi nemagetsi zvakaparara zvakanyanya.
Pamusangano wehurukuro weIERC 2016 wakaitwa muSalzburg munaJanuary, 2016, Thierry Van Kerckhoven, Global Sales Manager pazvinhu zvezvemagetsi ehurumende Umicore, akati "Kuwedzerwa kwehuwandu hwehutano hunoita mubvunzo wekuti zvipatara zvirongwa zvakadai sekushandiswa kwezvino kushandiswa uye post-shredding technologies icharamba yakakwana kukwanisa kutsungirira kushandiswa kwematambudziko emangwana. "
Zvinhu zvekugadzirisa zvinhu zvekare zvakagadziriswawo nekuda kwekutengesa kwenyika pasi kwezvinhu zvezvezvinhu zvakadzokidzwa zvakare, izvo zvakaderera mumiganhu uye zvakaguma nekuvhara kwebhizimisi.
Electroniki haisi yakagadzirirwa kugadziriswa uye kushandisa zvakare Zvishandiso zvakawanda zvinoramba zvichigadzirwa nenzira dzisingashandisizve nyore, kugadziriswa kana kugadziriswa. Kuronga kwakadaro kunowanzoitwa nokuda kwezvikonzero zvekuchengetedza, kuipa kwezvinangwa zvakatipoteredza. Panyaya iyi, masangano akadai saIRI ave achishanda mukusimudzira mitemo yekuwedzera huwandu hwekambani dzakagamuchirwa dzinobvumirwa kugadzirisa nekugadzirisa mafoni ekudzivirira kudzivisa kusakosha kwavo.
Yakawanda E-tsvina inoramba ichienda Kumigodhi yemvura Ikozvino mazinga kana urongwa hwekushandurwa kwe-e-yakawanda hahuna kukwana. Nhamba yezvino yezvekudzorera zvakare ye15-18 muzana ine nzvimbo yakawanda yekuvandudza sezvo e-yakawanda yakasvibiswa ichiri kuendeswa kune imwe nyika.
Electroniki Kudzokorora Mitemo
Mamwe mitemo mitemo yemagetsi yakapedzwa. Iye zvino, 25 US States ine mitemo inorayira nyika yose e-tsvina yekudzorera zvakare. Dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dziri kushanda kutora mitemo mitsva uye kuvandudza hurumende iripo. Parizvino, 65 kubva muzana yevanhu vemuU.S. yakafukidzwa nemitemo ye-e-waste yakashandurazve. Munyika dzakawanda dzinosanganisira California, Connecticut, Illinois, neIndiana, e-tsvina inorambidzwa kubva pamigodhi. Tarisa iyi Kuenzanisa Pfupi KweMitemo Yehurumende Pamusoro Pemagetsi Kugadziriswa kuti uve nokunzwisisa zviri nani mitemo ye-e-waste iri kuUnited States.
References
http://money.cnn.com/2016/04/15/technology/apple-gold-recycling/
http://www.treehugger.com/clean-technology/crazy-e-waste-statistics-explored-in-infographic.html
http://www.ksewaste.org/ewaste_why.htm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iw4g6H7alvo
http://www.ewaste.com.au/ewaste-articles/how-is-electronic-waste-recycled/
http://www.mining.com/web/e-waste-sector-facing-new-challenges/
http://www.electronicstakeback.com/resources/problem-overview/
http://www.electronicstakeback.com/promote-good-laws/state-legislation/