MuUnited States, tinogona kutenderera vamwe vaupi vezvekupemberera vese simba uye nhamba yenheyo.
Kunyanya, Vakasimudzirwa Mazana emabhizimisi evanhu vakadai saJohn D. Rockefeller naAndirene Carnegie vakasarudza, mushure mokunge vaunganidza hupfumi hwakawanda, kupa zvakawanda zvemari yavo.
Rockefeller akanyanya kuumba Yunivhesiti yeChicago uye akatanga nheyo yeRockefeller Foundation. Carnegie akavaka makiraibhurari nemamyuziyamu ndokuisa mari yake yakasara muCarnegie Foundation.
Gare gare, Frederick Goff, weCleveland webhangi, akaita shanduko pachikoro chekutanga uye akatanga nheyo yevanhu.
Nheyo dzingangodaro dzakave nemhepo chaiyo apo yekutanga yakatangwa. Asi nhasi, nheyo dzinobatanidzwa muhupenyu hweAmerica uye dzimwe nguva vatsigiri vavo vanove pakati pezviitiko zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa.
Mhando dzakawanda dzedheyo dzinobudirira munzvimbo dzemazuva ano dzinonzwira tsitsi, dzichipa kupa kwechipo kune zvakawanda. Heino tsanangudzo pfupi ye nheyo sezvatinovawana nhasi.
Private Foundation
Nheyo yega yega (dzimwe nguva inonzi yakasununguka nheyo) isangano risina hurumende, risingabatsiri rinowanzobhadharwa kubva kune rimwe chete, semunhu, mhuri kana sangano.
Inosimbiswa kubatsira rubatsiro rwevanhu, zvekudzidzisa, zvechitendero kana mamwe mabasa ezvokubatsira, zvikuru kuburikidza nokupa rubatsiro.
US nheyo dzenheyo ndeyekubhadhara mutero pasi peChechi 501 (c) (3) yeInternal Revenue Code .
Nheyo dzenheyo dzakarongeka kana sehurumende isingabatsiri kana sechivimbo chechipo.
Kushanda uye Kusingabatsiri Pamwe Nheyo
Kune zvikamu zviviri zvezvivako:
- Kushanda nheyo dzepachivande kunogadzira zvirongwa zvavo kuti zvizadzise zvinangwa zvavo zvekunzwira zvakananga. Vanogonawo kupa zvipo kune mamwe masangano. Imwe nheyo yekushanda inogona kunge iri tangi yekufunga, musamuziyamu, kana boka rekutsvakurudza. Nheyo dzakadaro hazvikwanisi kugoverwa zvinoda, asi dzinofanira kupedza imwe chikamu chemari yavo yegore negore pamigariro yavo yezvipo.
Mumwe muenzaniso wepachivande kushanda nheyo ndeJ. Paul Getty Trust. Yakagadzwa naJean Paul Getty kubva muhupfumi hwemafuta, The Trust inoshandisa zvirongwa zvayo kukurudzira kunzwisisa nekuchengetedzwa kwezvinhu zvekuona, kunyanya muCalifornia. Mari yeThe Trust The J PaulGetty Museum, Research Institute, Conservation Institute uye Getty Foundation. The Institute ndeimwe yezvivako zvakapfuma zvikuru muSouth America.
Zvisiri kushanda (inozivikanwawo sekupa mvumo) zvivako zvega pachechi zvinopa zvipo kune mamwe masangano anobatsira izvo zvisiri izvo zvinopedzisa zvinangwa zvaro. Iyi ndiyo nheyo yatinonyatsoziva nayo uye avo vanobatsirana vanotumira mapepa ekupa zvipo. Kupa-kuumba nheyo dzinofanira kugovera imwe yezana yehuwandu hwesimba ravo gore negore kune mamwe masangano.
Zvichida zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa zvechimiro ichi, pamwe chete nesheyo huru muU.S., ndiyo Bill uye Melinda Gates Foundation. Yakagadzwa naBill Gates kubva muhutano hwake hweMicrosoft, Gates Foundation inotarirwa pakuita zvipo munzvimbo dzehutano uye urombo munyika dzichiri kusimukira
Corporate Foundation
Imwe nheyo yehutungamiri nheyo yega yega inowana mari yekubatsira mari zvikuru zvikuru kubva pamigiro yebhizimisi yekuita mari.
Nheyo yakabhadharwa nekambani inowanzosimbisa ukama hwepedyo nekambani inopa mari. Asi iyo yakasiyana, sangano rezvematongerwe enyika, dzimwe nguva ine nhaka yayo, uye inotungamirirwa nemitemo yakafanana nemitemo semamwe nheyo dzega.
Mienzaniso yezvivako zvakakura, zvinozivikanwa zvinowanzobatanidza Walmart Foundation uye Ford Motor Company Fund.
Maererano neSheart Center, kune zvivako zvinopfuura 2 600 zvehurumende muUnited States nehuwandu hwekupa zvikwereti zvinokwana madhora 5.5 mabhiriyoni gore negore (2013).
Family Foundation
Dare re Foundations rinotsanangura hwheyo hwemhuri semunhu ane mari inobva kumhuri yemhuri imwe chete. Nhengo imwe yemhuri inofanira kuramba ichishanda semukuru kana nhengo yebhodhi yeheyo uye semupi.
Nhengo yemhuri inoita basa rinokosha mukutonga nekugadzirisa nheyo muhupenyu hwavo hwose. Nheyo dzemhuri dzakawanda dzinotungamirirwa nemhuri dzemhuri dzinoshumira sematrasti kana vatungamiri pamusana pokuzvidira, vasingagamuchiri mari. Mamwe mhemberero dzemhuri yakawanda dzinobhadhara vatungamiri venyika kuti vashandise nheyo uye vanoshandisa vashandi vakawanda.
Nheyo dzemhuri dzinouya mumasero ose. Dzimwe dzakawanda uye dzinoshandiswa kune dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seBill uye Melinda Gates Foundation apo mamwe mavhesi maduku anowanzotarisa pane imwe nyaya kana imwe nzvimbo.
Zvipo zveHurumende uye Nheyo dzeMunharaunda
Rudo rwevanhu runosimudzira mari kuvanhu (vanhu, makambani, nemamwe nheyo) kupa zvipo . I IRS haifungi kuti idzi dziri nheyo dzepachivande kubva pakadzika kwavo kwekutsigira inowanzogara yakadzika panzvimbo pane kubva kumhuri kana kambani.
Rudo runozivikanwa rwevoruzhinji iUnited Way, iyo inosimudzira mari kubva kuvanhu uye inozobhadhara mari inofanirwa kusingabatsiri. Munharaunda yeUnited United inotsigira zvipo munzvimbo dzayo.
Nheyo yomunharaunda inovakwa zvikurukuru yemari inogara yakagadzwa yakagadzwa nevanopa vakasiyana zvakasiyana-siyana kuti vabatsirwe kwenguva yakareba yevagari venzvimbo yakatsanangurwa nzvimbo. Kazhinji, nheyo yomunharaunda inoshumira nzvimbo isina kukunda nyika.
Nheyo dzemunharaunda dzinopawo rubatsiro kune vanopa mari vanoda kuisa mari yakapiwa (inowanzonzi vanopa mari-inopa mari ) pasina kutora mari yekutonga uye yepamutemo yekutanga nheyo dzezvimiriro.
Maererano neChristian on Foundations, kune zvikamu zvinopfuura 750 zvemhuri muUnited States nhasi. Dare rinoshandisa rondedzero yekutsvakurudza yemunharaunda.
Mimwe mienzaniso yenheyo dzemunharaunda inosanganisira The Cleveland Foundation uye The New York Community Trust.
Nheyo dzepamusoro shanu, maererano nehuwandu hwezvinhu, ndiwo Bill uye Melinda Gates Foundation, The Ford Foundation, J.Paul Getty Trust, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, uye WK Kellogg Foundation. (Nheyo dzinokosha paUnited States, Rhepfenyuro ya2013)